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Wellington Against Massena: The Third Invasion of Portugal 1810 - 1811, by David Buttery
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Wellington's clash with Massena was one of the most remarkable contests between two commanders in the Peninsular War. These two formidable generals carried on a campaign of maneuver, battle and attrition across Spain and Portugal in 1810 and 1811 which had a decisive impact on the outcome of the war. Wellington's reputation was enhanced, Massena's was ruined.David Buttery's close analysis of this extraordinary encounter offers a penetrating insight into the personalities of these two outstanding soldiers. Using a variety of sources, in particular eyewitness accounts from both sides, he reassesses the famous confrontations at Ciudad Rodrigo, Almeida, Busaco, the lines of Torres Vedras and the final bitterly fought battle at Fuentes de Oñoro.He sheds new light on this pivotal episode in the Napoleonic Wars and his account corrects the one-sided view of the campaign that has survived to the present day. In particular he reconsiders the true cost of the scorched earth policy that was employed against the French
- Sales Rank: #1703014 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-08-30
- Released on: 2012-08-30
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
David Buttery has established a reputation as a leading historian of nineteenth-century British military history and the British Empire. He has made a particular study of the Napoleonic and Crimean Wars. He has worked in newspapers and in an oral history archive and has published extensively in many of the leading military history periodicals including the Victorian Military Society's journal, The Leicestershire Chronicle and Military Illustrated. His most recent books are Wellington Against Massena: The Third Invasion of Portugal 1810-1811 and Messenger of Death: Captain Nolan and the Charge of the Light Brigade.
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Good But Limited -- Oriented From The French Side
By David M. Dougherty
This is an excellent little book primarily about the 3rd French invasion of Portugal in 1810-11, and built around Marshal Massena as its central character. I would have given it five stars if it had contained maps showing the routes of the armies in Massena's campaigns and if there had been more fleshing out of each army's composition, strengths and weaknesses, and in particular subordinate commanders and their capabilities.
Andrea Messena is usually portrayed in English-language books as avaricious -- almost the chief looter in his army -- and lacking morals. This book tends to support the first allegation, but also presents Messena as a much more complex character than is normally described. Wellington is described as very much a man of his class, but a good general and an individual capable of obtaining the maximum efforts from his personnel.
Author Buttery gives a very even-handed presentation, entirely useful as an introductory volume to the Peninsula Campaigns, and his chronological listing of events during Napoleonic times is valuable to put his story into context. The chapter on "Touring The Peninsula" was hardly appropriate, however, particularly for American readers who will never travel to Portugal. The maps are static, and could have been improved by showing directions of movements by the various divisions, both in attack and retreat.
The "fog of war" is much in evidence here, particularly on the French side due to their consistently inadequate intelligence on the terrain and their opponents. It was clearly due to Messena's tactical talents and the bravery of the French soldier that Messena stood a chance of taking Lisbon at all. Generals made mistakes on both sides, but the hostility of the Spanish and Portugese populations and their irregular activities increased the difficulties of the French beyond Napoleon's comprehension. In addition, the constant friction between the French marshals in Spain and Portugal was a severe impediment and did none of them much honor.
In short, this is a pleasant read, both to a specialist on the Napoleonic Wars and the casual reader wishing to learn something of the conflicts of that time. There are villains and heroes, but mostly just men with talents and flaws trying to do their duty as they saw it.
For additional reading I recommend James Marshall-Cornwall's "Massena" (Oxford University Press, 1965), Don Howard's "Napoleon and Iberia" (Gainesville, FL, 1984) and also his "Pelet Papers" (Gainesville, FL, 1975.) There is much to consider here that is applicable to contemporary times.
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
The Duel for Portugal
By HMS Warspite
"Wellington Against Massena" is a very worthwhile account of the third French invasion of Portugal 1810-1811. David Buttery's 2007 entry into a crowded field of history provides a fascinating narrative of a campaign that was much closer than is usually portrayed.
Buttery begins with introductions of the Peninsular War and of Wellington and Massena. These opening chapters provide context for the general reader. Massena has received rather less attention than Wellington in most accounts; his short biography reveals him to be a highly experienced field commander.
The core of the book is the invasion itself. Massena was assigned only a barely adequate force for the mission, then faced significant delays reducing the border fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida. His advance into Portugal was further slowed by the harassment of Portuguese militia and the austere conditions of the border region. French failure to perform proper reconnaissance led to a costly defeat in the assault on Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army at Busaco. However, Busaco was a minor setback compared to the shock of encountering the formidable Lines of Torres-Vedra blocking the road to Lisbon.
Unable to draw Wellington out of the Lines for a decisive battle, and unable to sustain his Army indefinitely in the wasteland beyond the Lines, Massena finally withdraws to Spain, with Wellington on his heels. Massena would make one final effort to right the balance, attacking Wellington at Fuentes de Onoro to raise the Allied blockade of Almeida. Buttery documents the close-fought Battle of Fuentes de Onoro as perhaps the most dangerous hour of the war, as Massena comes perilously close to flanking Wellington out of his position over three days of combat.
As popular history, Buttery's book is superb. The general reader without prior knowledge of the Peninsular War will find this account clear and easy to follow. The narrative is much enhanced by a series of detailed map graphics and a nice selection of illustrations.
For the student of the Peninsular War, Buttery's account is notable in its evenhanded coverage of the two principal commanders and the difficulties they faced. Both are revealed to be tough-minded opponents in a contest decided by very narrow margins. Massena may well have been physically past his prime by 1810; his inability to impose his will on his own army was not quite balanced by Wellington's comparative lack of experience.
This book is highly recommended to the general reader and to the student of the Peninsular Wars.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Massena takes on Wellington
By Betsy
Interesting account of the 3rd invasion of Portugal by French troops under Marshal Massena. Massena, who had a reputation as a fine soldier, made several mistakes in his effort to defeat the Anglo-Portuguese Army. The two major battles of the campaign, Bussaco and Fuentes de Onoro, cost tremendous casualties for both sides, but the surprise of the Lines of Torres Vedras and the infighting among the French generals took their toll as well. Glad I read this book.
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